Short Bio
1964: born in Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Lower Austria1979-1984: Professional School for Electrical Engineering
1984-85: Civil (Alternative) Service as fire-fighter in Krems an der Donau
1985-86: Studies in Technical Physics at the Technical University of Vienna
1986-89: Studies in Religious Pedagogic at the Catholic Theological Faculty of the University of Vienna.
1989-1991: Novitiate in St. Gabriel (Austria) and joining the Divine Word Missionaries
1991-1994: Theological studies at the School of Theology in St. Gabriel.
1994: M.A. thesis in Catholic Theology: Psalm 139 Horizon and Theology.
1995: Ordination to Catholic Priesthood
1995-1999: Pastoral service at the Holy Trinity Parish in Vienna 10 (Favoriten) and teaching Religious Education in a Secondary School in Vienna;
1994 to 1999: Coordinator of Justice-Peace-Integrity-of-Creation (JPIC) of the Austrian/Croatian province of the Divine Word Missionaries;
1999-2000: Assistant priest in the parish St. Genevieve, Lafayette/Louisiana, USA;
2000-2002: Graduate Studies (M.A.) in Philosophy at Boston College, USA;
2002-2011: Formator at the International Formation Community, SVD in Vienna;
2003-2005: Hospital Chaplain at the Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital in Vienna;
2005-2009: University Assistant at the Institute of Social Ethics of the University of Vienna, Austria (teaching courses; supervision of M.A. thesis; research on my PhD-thesis);
2010-2011: Lecturer at the Institute of Social Ethics, University of Vienna;
January 2012-April 2013: Visiting Professor, USJ
Since April 2013: Assistant Professor for Christian Studies, USJ
Since January 2020: Associate Professor;
From May 2020 to May 2023: Dean of the Faculty of Religious Studies and Philosophy;
Membership:
World Council of Churches (WCC), Committee for Mission and Evangelization (2023-2030);
Society for Catholic Social Ethics of Middle Europe;
Provincial Council of the Divine Word Missionaries (Societas Verbi Divini, SVD), Province China
Areas of Research: ethics of consumption (social ethics), ethical principles for sustainable patterns of production and consumption; contributions of religion and spirituality for sufficient and sustainable lifestyles and institutions and bearing of the Catholic Social Teaching;
Scientific & Technical Committee Member:
CEEGE 2022 - The 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Green Energy, June 8-11, 2022, Berlin, Germany.
ICEER 2022 - The 9th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research “Greening Energy to Shape a Sustainable Future”, 12-16 September 2022, Lisbon, Portugal.
CEEGE 2023 - The 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Green Energy, Grimstad, Norway, June 6-9, 2023. http://ceege.org/
Publications
See also:
Orcid
Book Editor:
Franz Gassner, together with Irene Klissenbauer / Petra Steinmair-Pösel / Peter G. Kirchschläger (eds.), Menschenrechte und Gerechtigkeit als bleibende Aufgaben: Beiträge aus Religion, Theologie, Ethik, Recht und Wirtschaft (V&R Unipress / Vienna University Press, 2020). Language: German/English, 710 pages, ISBN: 978-3-8471-1165-8; Open Access
Franz Gassner / Ingeborg Gabriel (eds.). Solidarity and Justice. Ecumenical Perspectives. Ostfildern: Matthias-Grünewald Verlag, 2007 (German);
Dissertation (unpublished):
Franz Gassner, Gerecht Konsumieren. Sozialethische und theologische Perspektiven einer Ethik des Konsums (Fair Consumption – Perspectives from social ethics and theology for an ethics of consumption), Dissertation, Universität Wien, 2012. Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät, BetreuerIn: Ingeborg Gabriel (361 pp.) http://othes.univie.ac.at/25513/
Book Chapter:
Gassner, F., together with J. M. Simoes. “Journalism Ethics and the Common Good: The Formation of Values and Virtues for Just and Harmonious Societies”. Disentangled Vision On Higher Education: Preparing The Generation Next. Ed. Franciso Jose Leondro and Roopinder Oberio. New York, Bern, Brussels, Lausanne, Oxford: Peter Lang, 2022, pp. 99-121.
Articles:
Gassner, F. "Learning God’s Mercy: Spiritual Transformation According to Hos 11:8", The Journal of the Macau Ricci Institute, Issue 10: Crisis and Spiritual Transformation (14th October 2022);
http://mrijournal.riccimac.org/index.php/en/issues/issue-10/252-mrij10-5-eng
Gassner, F. “To Listen to the Language of Nature and to Act Accordingly”: Natural Law as Beacon guiding to Human Flourishing and Ecological Civilization" Orientis Aura: Macau Perspectives in Religious Studies, No 6 (2021), 3-21. https://journals.usj.edu.mo/index.php/orientisaura/article/view/118
Gassner, F. "Ethical Investment’s Visible Hand: Methods And Transformative Potentials." The Journal of the Macau Ricci Institute, no. 7 (2021) http://mrijournal.riccimac.org/index.php/en/issues/issue-7/166-ethical-investment-s-visible-hand-methods-and-transformative-potentials
Gassner, F. "Resources for Future in a Caring Economy" Open Access: https://doi.org/10.14220/9783737011655.683
Gassner, F. “Science and Laudato Si’ on the Paradigm Shift towards Sustainable Development”. The Journal of the Macau Ricci Institute, Issue 2, June 2018, Macau (English/);
Gassner, F. "Abfaelle sind kostbar!" Konsumethische Perspektiven in Papst Franziskus' Enzyklika Laudaut Si', in: Ingeborg Gabriel / Peter G. Kirchschlaeger / Richard Sturn: Eine Wirtschaft, die Leben foedert: Wirtschafts- und unternehmensethische Reflexionen im Anschluss an Papst Franziskus. Ostfildern: Matthias Gruenwald Verlag, 2017: 183-208 (German);
Gassner, F.. “Education in Religious Freedom: Path to Peace and Stability”, in Journal Orientis Aura: Macau Perspectives in Religious Studies, no. 1/2016, 77-99.
Gassner, F. “Sufficient and Sustainable Lifestyles: Challenges for Global Consumer Cultures”, in: Intercultural Mission: Looking Forward, Volume 2, ed. by Lazar Thanuzraj Stanislaus SVD and Martin Üffing. New Dehli, India: ISPCK, and St. Augustin, Germany: Steyler Missionswissenschaftliches Institute, 2015: pp. 64-88 (English);
Gassner, F. “Carne Vale? Meat Consumption as Social Question”, in: Gunter-Prüller-Jagenteufel, Hans Schelkshorn, and Franz Helm (eds.). Twilight of Idols? The Civilization Crisis and Its Victims. Aachen, Germany: Verlagsgruppe Mainz, 2012: pp. 80-89 (German);
Gassner, F. “Stability Criteria ‘Justice in Exchange’: Aristotle and the Economic Crisis”, in: Pribyl, Herbert (ed.): The New Economic Crisis. Solutions from the Perspective of Christian Ethics. Vienna 2013 (German);
Gassner, F. / Alfred Weiss, “Caritas Work in the Republic of Moldavia”. In: Ingeborg Gabriel/Helmut Renöckl (eds.). Solidarity in Crisis. Würzburg, Germany: Echter Verlag, 2012: pp. 161-168 (German);
Gassner, F. „Ethics of Consumption: Economical-, Ecological-, and Social Compatibility.” Stock Exchange Courier: Austria’s Weekly for Finance and Economy, no. 1, Dec. 17th, 2009 (German);
Gassner, F. „Freedom – Security – Risks: Paradigm from Ethics of Needs“, in: Frühbauer, Johannes J. / Hörter, Michael / Noweck, Anna (eds.): Freedom – Security – Risks. Christian Ethics facing new Challenges. (Forum Sozialethik 6). Münster, Germany: Aschendorff Verlag, 2009: pp. 207-220 (German);
Gassner, F. “Formation for Mission Today. Elements of the new Formation Program of the Divine Word Missionaries in Austria”, in: Spiritus. Edición hispanoamericana. 45/1 No. 174 / 2004 (Espaniol);
Book Review: Justice in a finite World. Ecology – Economy – Ethics, eds. Ingeborg Gabriel and Petra Steinmair-Pösel (Ostfildern: Matthias-Grünewald, 2013), in: Erbe und Auftrag. Benediktinische Zeitschrift 91. Jg./2 (2015), 230-231 (German);
Franz Gassner, “To Listen to the Language of Nature and to Act Accordingly”: Natural Law as Beacon guiding to Human Flourishing and Ecological Civilization" Orientis Aura: Macau Perspectives in Religious Studies, No 6 (2021), 3-21;
Modules
Year 1 Doctorate
This module aims to introduce participants to key elements of doctoral research in the broad sense of an Academic framework. It focuses on providing an understanding of the research support Mechanisms at USJ and in overviews of the main research specialisation fields within the University of Saint Joseph, namely Business Administration; Education; Global Studies; Government Studies; History; Information Systems; Psychology; Religious Studies; Science. The course also provides an opportunity for the students to present and discuss their own work in a seminar environment.
This Module provides an initial experience of supervised research work where students will work with their intended supervisor in a collaborative tutorial model that resembles the practice of Thesis Supervision. During the Module the intended supervisor will guide the student trough multiple meetings (up to 15) during a full academic year The students will conduct autonomous research that should result in a preliminary literature review, research contextualisation and a thesis proposal completely finished and prepared to be submitted to the Foundation Year Final thesis proposal review and assessment instances.
Year 1 Master
This module aims to introduce students to the different topics and issues related with the Environmental Sciences. They will receive an introductory overview about ecossystems and the importance of natural resources, main pressures facing the global environment, sustainability and sustainable development. Students will learn the main categories of environmental problems as well as understand and discuss the relationship between environment, ethics and economy. Finally, the module will focus on demographic and sociological differences between developed and developing countries. Students will discuss scientific papers, reports and documentaries throughout the module by oral presentations and team work. A field trip to Coloane (Macau) will be conducted at the end of the module where students will experience hands on real data collection for a final project.
It is consensual that we all benefit from a sustainable use of the Earth’s resources and from environmental amenities, such as a clean environment or high biodiversity. However, the economic incentive for individuals or companies to contribute towards these goals is low. To overcome this problem, and in the failure of conventional approaches, governments have been increasingly using market-based instruments to drive benefits for environmental protection. In addition, examples of companies that have been taking extra steps in incorporating environmental strategies as a tool to increase competitiveness have been growing.
The module will start by analyzing the costs and benefits of environmental protection and sustainable development. The fundamentals of the driving forces that influence different human activities and policies, within the context of environmental protection, will be analyzed and discussed. The traditional role of governments, companies and NGOs in environmental protection will be compared with the latest strategies adopted by the different players in different markets (Europe, USA, Asia). The analysis of particular market-based strategies, such as tradable pollution credits, will be used to demonstrate the economic rationale behind using markets for environmental protection. The success of these strategies will be debated and compared with traditional centralized approaches.
Case-studies on corporate environmental strategies will be presented in order to understand how companies can use environmental management to gain advantage over direct competitors.
Throughout the module it will be highlighted how the interaction between the government, the private sector and the civil society shapes environmental decisions and how this interaction varies in different systems.
Comparative ethics is often considered as equivalent to descriptive ethics. In this course we will explore, on the one hand, the descriptive approach to the study of ethics in different parts of the world. On the other hand, the relation between phenomenology and ethics will be explored from the perspective of methodology (phenomenological description) and in the ethical phenomenology of thinkers such as Max Scheler and Emmanuel Levinas. Lastly, this course will consider the possible impact of comparative ethics on normative and applied ethics in a pluralistic society.
This advanced research module intends to help student to reflect on what philosophy is. It emphasises analysis, criticism and argumentation on selected philosophical issues related to the nature of philosophical enquiry. It aims at providing students the required skills to pursue independent research.
This module reflects on the relevance of values, morality and ethics for responsible human decisions and actions on the individual, communal, societal, and global levels. Ethical and moral systems are critically evaluated as how they help to find orientation in preparing, making, and communicating responsible moral and ethical decision as global citizens and professionals. Special insights are drawn from the rich philosophical, ethical, and moral tradition of the catholic tradition in view of fostering human dignity, freedom, communication, personal and community growth in a more and more globally connected world. Considering right and wrong conduct, just and unjust individual and collective behaviour, the module encompasses inquiry into what constitutes “the good life” or happiness and fulfilment in view of the ultimate meaning of life.
Year 1 Bachelor
Students will explore topics such as: mythical awareness, myth and reason; progressive awareness in the philosophical reflection of pre-Socratic thought; the anthropological and methodological discovery: Socrates and the sophists; Plato: the experience of universal knowledge; Aristotle: philosophy as the understanding of being; Hellenism and Neo-Platonism.
This course introduces students to the question of medieval philosophy; Christian medieval thought and the Greco-Roman pagan philosophy; Neo-Platonism and the Christian faith; philosophy and theology; Patristic thought: St Augustine; the scholastic: St Anselm; Jews, Arabs and Christians and Aristotelian thought; the great syntheses: St Bonaventure, St Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotto; between the medieval and modern ages: the 14th century and William of Ockham.
Students will learn about topics such as: the moral structure of the human person; methodological questions; values and the value of morality: fundamental issues of axiology; characteristics and classification of values; moral value and spontaneous conscience: obligation; bases of moral value: analyses of the main moral systems; moral objective order: are moral laws universal and immutable? Ethical significance of natural law; the ethics of situations; natural law; subjective moral order; the manipulation of conscience; ethics and religion; morality and happiness; limitations of rational morality.
Students will be introduced to an understanding of modernity, through the discussion of topics such as: the Renaissance; precursors of modernity; classic systems of the 18th century: rationalism and empiricism; the Enlightenment and the crisis of the European conscience; proposals and critiques of German Idealism.
Students will explore issues and patterns of the sociology of religions, namely: macro-theoretical perspectives; definition and typology of religion; theories on the origin of religion; psycho-sociological dimensions: taxonomy of experience and of religious behavior, religious conversions to sects and churches, theories of the maintenance of religious behavior; macro-sociological dimension: religion and capitalism, religion and social integration, secularization; religious experiences in East Asia.
This course will discuss the nature of moral judgments: what distinguishes right from wrong? Answers to these questions will be pursued through the readings of classical and contemporary philosophers.
This course explores the foundations of faith as it relates the issue of humanity as an issue of God. Other topics include: Faith and today’s world (secularization, atheism, religious indifference); faith and the meaning of life; faith and biblical witness; dialogic structures of faith; God’s gift and man’s free response; faith as an experience of salvation and as a process of liberation; growth and maturing of faith; the communitarian dimension of faith; faith as knowledge and as an attitude towards life; theology as a reflection of faith; theology as science and as wisdom; theological hermeneutics and faith inculturation; confession of faith, dogma and its interpretation; the plurality of theologies and the unity of faith; the ecumenical challenge; theological reflection in today’s world.
This course is a survey of Christian understandings of war, peace, and revolution from the time of Christ and the early church to the present. Emphasis will be placed on the way in which theological convictions in the areas of Christology, pneumatology, eschatology, ecclesiology, and so on, have shaped Christian Teaching on the nature of peace and the permissibility of using violence. Cases will be used to examine certain aspects of just war theory, with the purpose of addressing the question: is just war theory applicable to warfare in the era of the modern nation state? Other issues discussed will include the military chaplaincy, the role of Christian churches in mobilizing for war, and the use of violence in revolution. Texts will include: Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral man and immoral society; John Howard Yoder, Christian attitudes toward war, peace and revolution: A companion to Bainton; US Catholic Bishops, The challenge of peace, and others.
Year 2 Bachelor
Students will have the time and place to observe, practice and test their learning achievements in areas related to human life. The use of real life situations, scenario building, simulation, introspective exercises and project development and management will create an environment where students will be challenged to question and research the wide range of issues that are central to the emergence and dynamics of life.
Year 3 Bachelor
This course is designed to introduce students to the field of bioethics and to philosophical ethics. The course will examine the different approaches to bioethical thought (e.g. theories, principles, cases, virtues). The philosophical issues will be discussed by examining the different areas of moral controversy in medicine and health care (e.g., research ethics, euthanasia, termination of treatment, abortion, cloning and the economics/ethical issues of care resources). Films and classroom discussions will be central to this course.
As an integral part of the Licenciate studies, all undergraduate students at USJ are required to prepare and present a portfolio of their work. The portfolio is assembled over the entire duration of their undergraduate studies, and is to consist of selected pieces of work that they have produced during their studies. A student’s portfolio may contain examples of assignment work, tests and examination answer scripts, presentations and project reports, and other work done by the student during his or her studies.
Year 4 Bachelor
Students will discuss the relationships between ethics and public policy: investigating public policy from an ethical perspective and looking at ethical theory by analyzing its applications in public policy. Students will become familiar with the basic concepts and methods of both ethical analysis and policy analysis; to introduce the theoretical and methodological problems of both ethical analysis and policy analysis; and to ensure that the student engages in sustained analysis of particular ethical and public policy issues at both an introductory and an advanced level.
Ethics and Public Policy - LCM218 / LPH205
Students will be encouraged to recognize and understand the ongoing redefinition of societies as communities and the affirmation of the individual as a person. These capacities are relevant pre-conditions to students as they become cultured and transnational scholars. Students will be encouraged to delve into their learned and inherited cultural traditions to study and develop deeper awareness of notions, principles, methodologies and techniques useful to building family, academic, business, and civic communities that can and should make a difference. Recent research in the new science of networks will help the understanding and implementation of these ongoing transformations.
This course is an exploration of current issues facing the Catholic Church and other Christian communities globally. Possible topics to be included are: north-south political and economic tensions, post-colonialism and globalization, religious and cultural pluralism, the environmental crisis, contextualization/inculturation, Christian unity and ecumenism. Contemporary debates and developments will be treated in view of their biblical, historical, and theological backgrounds. The realities of the Church in the Two-Thirds World will be considered. Voices from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific will be primary sources. Pastoral implications for Christian leadership with global perspective will be stressed.
Philosophers of action have traditionally defined their topic by quoting Wittgenstein: "What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?" Solving this equation is supposed reveal what makes the difference between a mere bodily movement and an action; and the difference between mere movements and actions is what the philosophy of action seeks to identify. We may therefore suspect that the difference between my arm's going up and my raising it is just the difference between an event's being conceived as the result of brain states and its being conceived as the result of mental states. In short, we may suspect that the problem of action is just a special case of the mind/body problem. This course will explore issues such as: What is to be an agent? Is there a philosophically defensible contrast between being an agent and being a locus of causal forces to which one is subject? What is to act purposively? What is intention? What is to act intentionally? What is to act for a reason? Are the reasons for which one acts causes of one's action? What is to act autonomously?
The dynamics of war and peace have befuddled humanity for millennia. Is war a necessary evil? Do we have to wage war to achieve peace? Is peace a process or a by-product? This course is a comprehensive review and analysis of the theoretical literature on the causes of war and a survey of some major ongoing research programs on war and peace. It will include structural systemic, dyadic, domestic political, bureaucratic or organizational, and psychological approaches.
This course will be an overview of important developments in Western religious thought during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Topics include changing understandings of the significance and movement of history, challenges posed to religious traditions by growing historical knowledge, shifting conceptions of the human person, and contrasting estimations of the role of religious persons in secular and political life. Connections between philosophy, theology, and social history are addressed. Authors include Hegel, Marx, Barth, Tillich, Bonhoeffer, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Gutierrez.
This course will explore the impact of military violence on society, culture, and politics in the last 150 years. Among other subjects, we shall examine the technologies and financing of warfare, war and religion, war and gender relations, war and art, and the role of war in state-building.
This course will explore changing views of Christian mission in the post-modern, post-colonial age. Different understanding of mission, including evangelism, development, social justice, presence, inter-religious dialogue, and church-growth will be considered in their historical contexts. Sources will include major western mission thinkers and voices from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific.
The central issue for this course is the relationship between ethics and Christian faith. Among the issues we will study are the following: how Christian beliefs shape one’s ethical views; how different Christian theologies give rise to different understandings of the moral life; the tie between spirituality and ethics; and how the universal call to holiness gives rise to certain moral ways of being.
Drawing on the contributions of contemporary natural and social sciences, the course will provide a critical investigation of the historical and ideological understandings of human sexuality. Building upon the notion of human sexuality and love as dimensions of human holiness, attention will be given to considering Christian marriage as a sacramental event in contemporary theological reflection as well as in historical expression.
With the approval of the program director, a student can contract for a supervised ministry practicum. The ministry may be the student's regular employment or a temporary position. The student will outline goals for the experience, develop a reading list and propose a final project. A regular member of the faculty will serve as the practicum supervisor and evaluate the final project.
" The course organized in two complementary phases. On the first phase, it is expected to provide an outline to moral philosophy (or ethics) related to personal and professional choices within the context of Public Policy and Communication & Media decision-making processes. Firstly, we will begin by examining certain problems that arise when we try to make moral judgments: problems such as cultural relativism (“What’s right for us is not necessarily right for them”), subjectivism (“What’s right for me is not necessarily right for you”), and the role of religion in morality (e.g., “What’s right is just what God says is right”). Ethical pluralism will be the dominant discourse.
Secondly, we will depart from the study of personal and public values to understand how it is possible to learn from tradition, from each other, and from ourselves to ground free moral choices leading to the inner “well-being”. This area explores in particular parity between the personal inner “well-being” and “public common-good/public interest”. Moreover, we will consider several prominent theoretical approaches to ethics holding the ability to invite students to discover a systematic procedure for answering questions about right, wrong, dignity, ignominy, justice, injustice, good, and evil.
Thirdly, the course we will consider more concretely a variety of important moral issues in modern media affairs such as civic journalism, communitarianism, public service, freedom of speech, pluralism, institutional responsibility, and media responsibility. Nevertheless, media self-regulation will be presented as the most obvious way to ensure both the freedom and responsibility of the mass media in society. Alongside, media passive, conservative, hyperactive, and naïve attitude will be discussed within the framework of media as the “four State power”. Furthermore, the course will address the following ethical media issues: Truthfulness in gathering and reporting information; freedom of expression and comment; defence of individual rights; equality by not discriminating against anyone on the basis of his/her race, ethnicity or religion, sex, social class, profession, handicap or other personal characteristics; fairness by using only straightforward means in gathering information; respect for the sources and referents and their integrity for copyright and quoting; independence/integrity by refusing bribes or any other outside influence on the work by demanding the conscience clause.
In addition, throughout the course, the ability to elaborate and consider different moral perspectives will be encouraged, likewise the considerations that may count as reasons for and against the individual moral stands. The main objective is not to inspire students to deliver crystal clear judgements but to understand, to discover, to clarify and to explore possible solutions for current moral dilemmas in areas such as: War & Violence, Fairness & Corruption, Obedience & Disobedience, Deception & Secrecy, Development & Environment Protection, Individual Rights & Institutions Prestige, Gambling & Drugs, Investment & Public Health, Crime & Punishment (death penalty), and Private Well-being & Public Interest.
Finally, Ethics will be addressed as a study of values theory and therefore of what is more or less important, of the “good,” of behavioural guidelines and norms of ethical conscience. Ethics will be studied as a framework and as a tool for recognizing and assessing available options and for differentiating between more or less morally justified pathways in any given situation. Ethics is not taught a catalogue of final answers but a permanent invitation to discover and confront personal positions against values and moral dilemmas.
On the second phase, the subject introduces students to ethical issues that arise in the Media on the basis of ethical principles and values justified in turn, on the basis of contemporary ethical theories. Students will identify and critically examine and evaluate specific ethical issues that arise in practice by reference to real case studies, professional codes of ethics and ethical principles.
This course will explore the origins of ethical behaviour and actions within the media, will review both classical and contemporary approaches to ethical decision making and apply them to modern media practices. At the same time, reviewing whether the media today are acting appropriately as regards ethical practice, and if not, why not? You will critique media practices, and also search for suggestions that will most positively affect both the media institutions and the publics with which they interact and upon which they rely for their livelihood. Do the media have a special obligation to ethical behaviour? Do they have a special waiver of the basic moral tenets?
The traditional object of ethics, the Good, needs to be articulated with the Truth and Justice in the private domain of information, which seems to be of extreme importance. It is a privilege to the ethics of journalism. A job which should be done with liberty and begging the central question of Truth and Respect for the human being, factors which show us the responsibilities of a journalist. Let us then propose a reflection of the attempt to reach the objectivity of the information without letting through in any subjectivity of the journalist.
It is the right of men to orientate the ethical reflection; a reflection, which before being built up as normative, is interrogative, critical, and questioning.
Knowing that the ethics of communications has a strong place in the domain of journalistic information, it is then up to us, despite the difficulties and obstacles and easy access to information, not to ignore that the media does give us a space to see the meaning of life. That is the reason why Aurelius said: “Reason and reasoning are sufficient for themselves and for their own works. They move then from a first principle which is their own, and they make their way to the end which is proposed to them; and this is the reason why such acts are named catorthoseis or right acts, which word signifies that they proceed by the right road”. Every class will have assignments applying to the individual ability to solve moral dilemmas."
